红松人工纯林3种梢斑螟成虫种群动态分析

【目的】梢斑螟是黑龙江省红松人工林的主要果梢害虫,研究了其成虫种群动态及未来种群变化趋势,为种群预测以及防治提供科学理论依据。【方法】在梢斑螟成虫发生期6月下旬—8月初,每天夜间19:00—23:00在红松林缘利用灯光诱捕梢斑螟成虫,结合幼虫鉴定种类,分析其种群动态。【结果】1)在牡丹江林口林业局的湖水、曙光和西北楞3个地点,诱捕到的种类均为赤松梢斑螟Dioryctria sylvestrella、冷杉梢斑螟D.abietella和微红梢斑螟D.rubella。2)在湖水,梢斑螟的种群数量最多,平均每天诱捕111.38头;西北楞其次,平均每天诱捕79.625头;曙光最少,平均每天诱捕69.63头。微红梢斑螟在3个地点均是优势种。3)在整个诱捕期间,冷杉梢斑螟和赤松梢斑螟成虫期为6月上旬—7月下旬,高峰期为6月下旬;微红梢斑螟成虫期为6月上旬—8月下旬,高峰期为6月下旬和7月中旬。4)3种梢斑螟都是在21:00—22:00诱捕的数量最多。5)3种梢斑螟的雌雄性比随着季节的推移波动较大,由开始的小于1,到接近于1,最终大于1,但总的性比接近1:1。【结论】梢斑螟的种群动态随时间和小生境的不同变化明显,6月下旬和7月中旬是其羽化高峰期,21:00—22:00是其最活跃时间。因此,对其防治应适时适地采取有效措施。     

油松大蚜的种群动态、有效积温及防治

通过野外调查和室内不同温度下饲养观察,对油松大蚜(Cinara formosana)生活史、种群动态、有效积温、天敌、物候预测和化学防治进行了研究。结果表明:油松大蚜1年可发生8代,6月中旬分化出有翅孤雌蚜并扩散,10月上旬性蚜交配产卵,以卵越冬;油松大蚜种群数量1年内有2个高峰期,分别在6月上旬和9月上旬,8月上旬—8月中旬种群数量最低;油松大蚜不同虫态的发生与山桃(Prunus davidiana)、连翘(Forsythia suspense)、龙爪槐(Sophora japonica)和火炬树(Rhus typhina)的一些物候相吻合,可通过观察这些植物的物候来预测油松大蚜各虫态发生情况;油松大蚜优势天敌依次为异色瓢虫(Leis axyridis)、七星瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata)、蚜茧蜂(未鉴定);油松大蚜4个龄期的若虫及全世代的发育起点温度分别为4.5、6.7、5.9、7.7、3.1℃,有效积温分别为48.6、49.3、67.4、62.7、291.7日·度;胶带-药膜法防治油松大蚜效果显著,14 d后处理区校正虫口减退率可达80%以上。     

放牧对草甸草原土壤水热状况和地上生物量的影响

本文以呼伦贝尔草甸草原为对象,研究了不同放牧强度对草原群落土壤水热状况和地上生物量的影响,旨在揭示二者之间的相互关系。研究结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加,生长季平均土壤温度呈逐渐上升的趋势;放牧对群落3个组份[羊草（Leymus chinensis）、贝加尔针茅（Stipa baicalensis）、杂类草]生物量和相对优势度产生影响。其中,羊草地上生物量和优势度随着放牧强度的增加显著线性降低,而贝加尔针茅和杂类草的生物量与优势度均在中度放牧处理下最高。土壤含水量与羊草生物量显著正相关,与杂类草生物量负相关,而与贝加尔针茅生物量间的关系极弱。本研究为完善放牧优化理论,揭示放牧在草地生态系统功能过程中的梯度效应提供了一个较为重要的研究线索,为草地放牧优化管理制度的确立提供了一定的科学依据。     

Starch digestion rates in multiple samples of commonly used feed grains in diets for broiler chickens

In this study the starch digestion rates in broiler chickens from 18 samples of 5 commonly used feed grains (sorghum, wheat, maize, barley, triticale) were determined. The methodology to determine starch digestion rates in poultry is detailed herein. Starch digestion rates were not significantly different (P = 0.128) across the 18 feed grains, which reflects the wide variations that were observed within a given feedstuff. Nevertheless, starch digestion rates in broiler chickens offered wheat-based diets were significantly more rapid by 56.0% (0.117 versus 0.075 min⁻¹; P = 0.012) than their sorghum-based counterparts on the basis of a pair-wise comparison. In descending order, the following starch digestion rates were observed: wheat (0.117 min⁻¹), barley (0.104 min⁻¹), triticale (0.093 min⁻¹), maize (0.086 min⁻¹), sorghum (0.075 min⁻¹). The implications of these findings are discussed as they almost certainly have implications for poultry nutrition and the development of reduced crude protein diets for broiler chickens.     

直通式调节阀内部流场分析

基于CFD对直通式调节阀内部流场进行了二维数值模拟,并得到了内部流动参数的可视化图形。对比25%和5%两种开度下,阀门处的压力,速度以及能量损失都存在很大的差异。25%开度下的压力、流速有明显的下降趋势,而5%开度下压力和速度则迅速变化。+两种开度下产生的涡流位置不同,5%开度下能量损失比25%开度下的要大。     

Effects of smoke,ash and heat shock on seed germination of seven species from Central Zagros rangelands in the semi-arid region of Iran

Fire products have been widely identified as germination cues for a number of species from both fire-prone and fire-free ecosystems. However, there is uncertainty about the effects of fire products on seed germination of semi-arid rangeland species. We examined the germination of seven dominant species from Central Zagros rangelands in the semi-arid region of Iran under various heat shock (60, 80 and 120 °C), aerosol smoke, ash and control treatments. Our findings showed that fire products could enhance, inhibit or not affect the seed germination of rangeland species in this area. The germination percentage of Astragalus adscendens increased following 60 °C heat treatment in comparison with the control. The germination of Astragalus verus, Bromus tectorum, B. tomentellus and Phlomis olivieri were increased significantly using smoke treatment (P<0.0001). The seed germination of B. tomentellus and B. tectorum was promoted by ash treatment, whereas the other species exhibited no response or were inhibited by fire products. In addition, smoke treatment shortened the overall germination time of B. tectorum. These findings suggest that fire products affect the germination of several species and can serve as potential tools for understanding the vegetation dynamics and restoration of disturbed semi-arid rangelands.     

CO2浓度增加对半干旱区马铃薯生长动态及产量、品质的影响

为了解CO₂浓度升高条件下马铃薯生长动态及其产量、品质的变化特征,在典型半干旱区（甘肃定西）利用开顶式气室(OTC)试验平台,以马铃薯‘新大坪’为供试品种,设对照(390 μmol·mol^-1)和590 μmol·mol^-1共2个CO₂浓度梯度,开展CO₂浓度增加模拟试验。结果表明：CO₂浓度增加至590 μmol·mol^-1时,马铃薯发育加快,生育期提前,全生育期天数缩短3 d;CO₂浓度升高对马铃薯株高、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和叶片水势有明显促进作用。随着生育进程的推移,马铃薯地上部干物质生产对CO₂浓度的响应值呈现先变大再变小的趋势。CO₂浓度增加促进了马铃薯块茎产量的提高,单株结薯数和单株薯块质量也有所增加。与对照相比,590 μmol·mol^-1CO₂处理马铃薯块茎水分、蛋白质、维生素C含量以及铁、锌、铜元素含量分别下降3.43%、11.78%、13.09%、25.58%、31.94%和9.76%,而粗淀粉、粗脂肪、粗纤维和还原糖含量分别增加10.56%、240.00%、14.28%、106.38%。     

Being exposed to low concentrations of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr has detrimental effects on the mobility of Trogoderma granarium

BACKGROUND

Sublethal effects of insecticides may negatively affect several biological and behavioral traits of insects. The lethal effects of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr have been previously showed on Trogoderma granarium, but little knowledge is available about their sublethal effects at low concentrations on both sexes. Herein, the sublethal effects of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr on the mobility of T. granarium males and females were investigated.

RESULTS

Lethal concentration (LC) values of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr were lower for T. granarium females than males. LC values on males were LC₁₀ = 0.000788 and 0.00139 mg active ingredient (a.i.) cm⁻², LC₃₀ = 0.00350 and 0.00535 mg a.i. cm⁻², and LC₅₀ = 0.00986 and 0.0136 mg a.i. cm⁻² for pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr respectively. LC on females were LC₁₀ = 0.000704 and 0.00110 mg a.i. cm⁻², LC₃₀ = 0.00323 and 0.00428 mg a.i. cm⁻², and LC₅₀ = 0.00925 and 0.0110 mg a.i. cm⁻² for pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr respectively. The walking duration of beetles exposed to LC₃₀ of pirimiphos-methyl was significantly lower than the individuals exposed to LC₁₀ and LC₃₀ of both insecticides and control ones. Pirimiphos-methyl LC₃₀-exposed males remained more time on their back (101.7 s) than females (46.9 s), while the latter stayed immobile longer than males (381.7 s versus 371.9 s). The highest speed was recorded for control beetles (14.17 mm s⁻¹ females vs. 12.44 mm s⁻¹ males), while the lowest speed was observed in pirimiphos-methyl LC₃₀-treated males (8.36 mm s⁻¹) and females (9.66 mm s⁻¹).

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, males and females exposed to low concentrations of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr showed reduced motility. This knowledge can be exploited further to unlock behavioral effects of insecticides for effective pest management programs in warehouses. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

半干旱草甸草地不同处理下植被特征与土壤酶活性的变化

不同草地处理措施对植被和土壤会产生重要的影响。为探究不同草地处理措施对草甸草地的影响,以科尔沁草甸草地不同点为研究对象,设置围封（UNM）、围封+刈割（M）、围封+火烧（F）、放牧（G）4种处理,针对生长季土壤脲酶（S-UE）、碱性磷酸酶（S-AKP）、蔗糖酶（S-SC）活性和植被特征等开展研究,以探究草甸草地的最佳处理方式。结果显示：1）土壤酶活性随着土层深度的增加而降低,不同处理间的差异随着土层深度增加逐渐降低。2）放牧较围封处理,不同点植被高度、盖度、地上生物量和酶活性均降低,而丰富度指数增加。3）刈割较围封处理,不同功能群物种的补偿能力不同,禾本科的补偿能力大于菊科。4）火烧较围封处理,不同点植被高度、盖度、地上生物量、丰富度指数和3种水解酶活性均增加。5）多年刈割较放牧处理,植被高度、盖度和地上生物量和蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶活性均增加,丰富度指数和土壤脲酶活性均降低。综上所述,控制性火烧是半干旱地区草甸草地的最佳处理方式。